Water Distribution System of New York City

Water Distribution System of New York City Water Service in New York Nov 16, 2018 in Coursework From the History of Water Service in New York What is the history of water service in New York and which people does it serve? The history of water services in New York City is broad. It goes back to when Manhattan settlers used to get water from wells and reservoirs. The city created its own water board in the year 1905. The boards main task was to ensure that water is always available in the city. New York City, however, established its municipal water system in the year 1842. This was first water system and the system enlarged the water network in the city. The network extended to mountains of Catskill. The mountains are approximately a hundred miles away from the city. As of now, New Yorks water system is confiscated in three upstate tank systems that have nineteen reservoirs and three lakes that are controlled. The systems have a storage capacity of roughly 580 billion gallons. The amount of water that is delivered to New York City is roughly 1 billion gallons. Water is also supplied to about one million consumers in Westch ester, Ulster, Putnam and orange counties that are found to the north of the city. The citys water supply system is one of the most widespread water system found in the world. This is because it has to rely on a combination of water tunnels, canals and reservoirs that help it to meet the water demands of the 8 million populations in New York and also its visitors. New York City also has the simplest water treatment process compared to other cities in the United States of America. The reason for this is that 95% of the entire water supply is usually supplied by gravity. The remaining 5% are usually pumped How is Water Supply in the City? Which community does this water supply serve? The residents of New York City are the biggest beneficiary of the water supply in the city. The City has a population of about 8 million people. Other communities served by the water supply include: Westchester, Ulster, Putnam and orange counties that are found to the north of the city. People who visit the city can also be grouped in the communities that are served by the water supply.

Similarities And Differences Of The Lotus Temple And The...

David Reynolds Professor Swenson Humanities 1500 3 March 2017 The Similarities and Differences of the Lotus Temple and the Sydney Opera House The Lotus Temple located in the city of Delhi, India, and the Sydney Opera House, in Sydney, Australia are both examples of modern day architecture. Both of these modern day architectural marvels have many differences, as well as numerous similarities. The Lotus Temple and the Sydney Opera House have similar construction types and outward appearances. However, the two structures having different influences for their construction, were completed by very different means and methods. The architecture of the two structures portrays a huge undertakings in design and construction that characterizes†¦show more content†¦This style of construction gives the Lotus Temple the freestyle of form that allows the building to be transformed from rudimentary building blocks like steel and concrete into the form of a towering flower (60). Then, Naharoy goes on to describe the outermost set of nine petals called t he â€Å"entrance leaves† that open outward and used to form all of the entrances into the temple. Naharoy states that the next set of leaves have, â€Å"nine petals called the â€Å"outer leaves† (60) and point inward and the entrance and the outer leaves together cover the outer hall of the structure (60). Naharoy documents that the next set of leaves have nine petals called the â€Å"inner leaves† (60). Finally, author Dennis Sharp, in the book Twentieth Century Architecture a Visual History (â€Å"1986/1987†), states that. â€Å"the building represents a geometric lotus flower in bloom, a motif that has a close association with all Indian religions and is considered by many the most beautiful flower in the world† (388). The way the Lotus temple is built is also very unique. Anil Sarwal states in the Baha’I Faith article An Architectural Marvel, that the temple is constructed by using only the voluntary donations of the Bahà ¡ à ­s of India and abroad. Next, Sarwal states that only Bahà ¡ à ­s may contribute to the Bahà ¡ à ­ funds. Finally, in an interview with Joanna Sugden, a freelance reporter for the Wall Street Journal, in theShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesmeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does

How John Locke Inspired Maria Montessori - 1459 Words

JOHN LOCKE Every man has a property in his own person. This nobody has a right to, but himself. – John Locke Childhood John Locke was born on August 29, 1632, in Wrington, a village in the English country of Somerset. He was baptized the same day. Soon after his birth, the family moved to the market town of Pensford, about seven miles south of Bristol, where Locke grew up in an old fashioned stone farmhouse . His father was a county lawyer to the Justices of the Peace and his mother was a simple tanners daughter. Both his parents were Puritans and as such, Locke was raised that way. His early life was spent at home in the country, where he was taught by his father; this explains why he favored the tutorial form of education.†¦show more content†¦Children will absorb everything they see, hear, taste, smell and touch in order to gain knowledge. Every child has different life experiences, however all Montessori activities can build upon each foundation in an individual way to create memories, problem solving, reasoning, understanding and, of course, absorption. - Locke also claimed that all ideas came from experience and that there were two aspects of experiences – sensation and reflection. Sensation informs us about things and processes in the external world. Reflection refers to a human’s internal sense that informs itself about the operations in its own mind. Maria Montessori’s method focuses on the child’s environment and the teacher who organizes the environment and effectively outlined the six components to a Montessori environment as freedom, structure and order, reality and nature, beauty and atmosphere, the Montessori materials, and the development of community life. †¨ Maria Montessori set forth her philosophy and method as the way educationShow MoreRelatedMy First Semester At Touro College1631 Words   |  7 Pagesimportance. Preschool and elementary school is the first place that the building blocks for learning are established and it will be my role to prepare my students for the world of learning. In the beginning of Some Thoughts Concerning Education, John Locke stresses the importance of education. He tells us, But examples of this kind are but few; and I think I may say, that, of all the men we meet with, nine parts of ten are what they are, good or evil, useful or not, by their education. It is that

The Best Job I Had Free Essays

The Benefits of Smartphone Smart phones are daily necessity. Smartphone have a lot of advantages besides making phone calls that few people get the full benefits out of their Smartphone. The biggest benefit of Smartphone is that I never out of touch. We will write a custom essay sample on The Best Job I Had or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are different ways I can communicate with my friend and the family by using different apps on my Smartphone, for example chat and text messaging allow me to send quick messages to my family and friends, and I can also use my viber app for international calls. Secondly, Smartphone also allow me to download a lot of useful and fun apps. For instance the automatic reminder, I use this app the most on my phone because it keeps me organized by reminding me of my doctor’s appointments, my exams, and friends’ birthdays. I also use my eBay app for shopping, for mothers like me I have two babies, and it’s hard for me to go out shopping, so using the Smartphone apps made my life easier. Finally, the reasons that I like Smartphone are the multimedia features. I can use my Smartphone to watch movies or television or I can use it to play games. I can also listen to music while I’m board on the bus or anywhere. Today I don’t have to worry about getting my work done. I can just get on my Smartphone and do the research that I need. Smartphone bring us huge convenient in daily life. As it has multiple functions, people are more rely on it, because Smartphone more than just a phone. It is not only for dialing, but with so many different kinds of functions which make Smartphone so attractive and important for many people. How to cite The Best Job I Had, Papers

NAFTA Essays (563 words) - Human Resource Management,

NAFTA If NAFTA made this agreement, people would be able to move about Canada, the United States, and Mexico with ease. The unskilled workers in Mexico would migrate to "El Norte," looking for higher paying jobs. The supply of workers in Mexico will drastically decrease. Only the terminally ignorant, or those with families in Mexico, would stay in a poor country and earn low wages. On the other hand, the United States' supply of workers will increase drastically. Canada's supply of workers would not be changed dramatically, because it is so similar to the United States, only further away. The amount of workers moving from Canada to the United States and vice versa would not be severely affected, however, if the United States' supply of workers becomes too great then workers might migrate north to Canada to find jobs. High school economics teachers would be able to work in any of the three countries, as the same basic knowledge of economics is required. I think teachers in Mexico would choose to move to the United States or Canada, if they were proficient in the native language, because the wages would be much more gratifying. The supply of economics teachers in the US and Canada would increase, thereby slightly decreasing the wages. Mexico's supply of economics teachers would drop, so the wages for economics teachers would slightly increase. Equilibrium wages for economics teachers will remain about the same, and employment will be high. For carpenters, again, I think the wages in the north would be higher. Because carpentry does not involve extensive education and focuses on the talent and skill of carpenters, workers would be able to easily move to another country. If all of the carpenters in Mexico decide to "run for the border," the supply of carpenters in the US and Canada will drastically increase. Wages will increase for skilled carpenters in Mexico, and wages in the US and Canada will fall slightly. If too many Mexicans move to the north there will be high unemployment, because we will have a ton of skilled workers and not enough jobs to fulfill their needs. People will eventually want to return to Mexico, because with the supply of skilled workers being so low, the wages will be slightly higher. For ob/gyns, I would think the United States or Canada would be the destination of choice, simply because our health care is much more advanced. In any of the countries, however, the pay will be significant because of wage differentials. They will ultimately make up for all of the years of schooling by receiving high wages. For fast-food workers, the supply will increase in the US due to the unskilled workers from Mexico who try to get these jobs. Demand for workers in the fast-food industry will go down, because there are plenty of unskilled workers. Demand for the labor will decrease as well, because the supply of labor is so great. Newspaper reporters will most likely stay where they are. There is always going to be news to be reported, and the language barrier also plays a part. Most Mexican workers will want to move to the US or Canada because real wages are higher than those of Mexico. In the US and Canada, wages are higher because of better education, a more skilled workforce, larger stock of capital per worker, and the advantage of modern technology. Unskilled workers from Mexico might find themselves in the same position no matter which country they are in. They will be competing for low-paying minimum wage jobs, and there will be a plethora of unskilled workers.

Examining The Knowledge Behind Creation Information Technology Essay Essays

Examining The Knowledge Behind Creation Information Technology Essay Essays Examining The Knowledge Behind Creation Information Technology Essay Essay Examining The Knowledge Behind Creation Information Technology Essay Essay Tacit cognition personal cognition embedded in persons based on their experience and affecting such intangible factors as personal belief, position, and values. Other types of cognition based on intent and usage are [ 5 ] : i‚Â § Know-what This is the cardinal phase of cognition, e.g. people/group/organizations know what they know ( possibly through their formal instruction ) but do nt cognize when and how to use the cognition to work out jobs i‚Â § Know-how Represents the ability to interpret studious, or learned cognition into existent universe consequences, e.g. cognizing when to utilize certain cognition to work out real-world jobs i‚Â § Know-why Goes beyond the know-how phase. This cognition enables persons to travel a measure beyond know-how and create extraordinary purchase by utilizing cognition, including the ability to cover with unknown interactions and unobserved state of affairss i‚Â § Care-why It represents self-motivated creativeness that exists within the persons in a company. This is the lone degree that can non be supported by a cognition direction system but may be supported through motive / human resource patterns. B. Knowledge Creation, Capture and Conversion Knowledge creative activity ever begins with an person or a group of persons, who separately or as a group come up with new thoughts, constructs, merchandise or procedure inventions, etc. Knowledge creative activity may happen through research, invention undertakings, experimentation, observations, etc. Firestone et Al. [ 2 ] suggest that cognition production starts with cognition claim preparation, followed by single and group acquisition, information acquisition, cognition claim rating and eventually, the edifice of organisational cognition. Harmonizing to Nonaka et Al. [ 4 ] , the organisational cognition creative activity / transition procedure is based on a simple model that contains two dimensions. The first dimension shows that lone persons create cognition while the other dimension relates to the interaction between tacit and expressed cognition. These two dimensions constitute the base for specifying the four Knowledge Creation / Conversion Processes Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization. i‚Â § Socialization tacit cognition is converted into silent cognition during treatments, communications, meetings, etc. i‚Â § Externalization tacit cognition is converted into expressed cognition, and embodied in paperss, manuals, etc. i‚Â § Combination explicit cognition is converted into another signifier of explicit cognition i‚Â § Internalization explicit cognition is converted by persons into tacit cognition. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.trainmor-knowmore.eu/img/1.3.2.jpg Figure 1.3 ( 2 ) Knowledge Conversion. Beginning: Nonaka at all ( 1995 ) The 4 different manners of cognition transition construct a cognition spiral without a start or an terminal. This uninterrupted and dynamic procedure has its roots in the behavior of the chief cognition creative activity agent the human being. For illustration, when people are seeking to unite expressed cognition ( i.e. when person uses mathematics and natural philosophies expressions to work out a complicated job ) they might, at the same clip, discourse it with their equals ( other pupils or instructors ) , therefore interchanging tacit cognition with them. Furthermore, they might see a pupil treatment forum looking for solutions where they will hold to project or explicate their job ( related cognition ) when inquiring for more aid. Nonaka et Al. besides see a five-phase theoretical account of the organisational cognition creative activity procedure dwelling of the undermentioned stages: i‚Â § Sharing tacit knowledge corresponds to socialisation ; i‚Â § Making constructs the shared cognition is converted to explicit cognition constructing a new construct ; i‚Â § Justifying constructs the justification of new constructs allows organisations to find if they are truly worthy of chase ; i‚Â § Constructing an original the worthy construct is converted to a theoretical account, paradigm or an operating mechanism, etc. i‚Â § Cross-leveling cognition here the cognition created is expanded across the organisation. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.trainmor-knowmore.eu/img/1.3.3.jpg Fig 1.3 ( 3 ) : Five-phase theoretical account of the organisational knowledge-creation procedure. Beginning: Nonaka at all ( 1995 ) Knowledge gaining control could cross the whole set of activities performed by an organisation, get downing with the organisation of clients and market information, to the aggregation of illustrations of best pattern or lessons learned or the development of a mentoring programme. It is of import to capture both explicit and tacit knowledge even though the latter creates more troubles. Tacit cognition is contained in rumorus, legends, storytelling, norms, beliefs, etc. , while expressed cognition is stored in books, paperss, databases, webs, e-mail, etc. The gaining control of expressed cognition is the systematic attack of capturing, forming, and polishing information in a manner that makes information easy to happen, while besides easing larning and job resolution. Tacit cognition direction is the procedure of capturing the experience and expertness of the person in an organisation and doing it available to anyone who needs it. During cognition creative activity, capturing and codification procedures, new constructs or cognition claims are developed which need, in general, to be tested or validated at a ulterior phase in order to find their veracity and value. This implies that the new constructs are of greater value than the bing 1s. It should non be forgotten, nevertheless, that the bulk of companies and employees accumulate and capture cognition unconsciously through several methods, patterns and state of affairss. Some of them are consistently managed by company direction while others are non as they occur during day-to-day work and pattern ( e.g. acquisition by making, informal meetings, detecting or listening to others, lessons learned, etc ) . The rating of new constructs could be made against the company ends and vision, and its value assessed in footings of improved organizational effectivity and fight. The balanced scorecard is a perfect instrument which relates the cognition position of the company with its fiscal state of affairs, clients, concern procedures and learning/growth positions. However, in the rating of new constructs SMEs should be careful non to come in into clip devouring and dearly-won processs with small obvious value for the company. Research on the balanced scorecard method shows its added value for larger companies, hence, it is non developed farther in this Handbook. If new cognition is coming from experiments or observations, it needs to be analyzed, explained and verified. There is a demand to bring forth hypothesis, for illustration, in order to explicate experimentation or observation consequences, every bit good as to set up conformity between new and bing cognition. The entire cognition pool is besides updated by integrating the new cognition [ 10 ] . By and large, knowledge acquisition from persons or groups can be characterized as the transportation and transmutation of valuable expertness from a cognition beginning ( e.g. , human expert, paperss ) to a cognition depository ( e.g. , organisational memory, intranet, paperss, etc. ) [ 10 ] . Organizational memory constitutes all cognition elements from silent cognition elements ( based on the experience of employees ) , to tangible informations and information, which could be stored in the organisation archives. Unless cognition is embedded into such touchable systems or indirectly accessed through effectual engagement of people in cognition intensive undertakings, the organisation can non leverage the cognition held by its single members. Organizational cognition acquisition is the amplification and articulation of single cognition at the organizational degree so that it is internalized into the house s cognition base . C. Enabling Conditions for Knowledge Creation Given that cognition creative activity is a complex and fuzzed procedure, the chief function of the organisation is to supply the proper context for easing group activities every bit good as the creative activity and accretion of cognition at the single degree. The undermentioned five conditions [ 13 ] are considered as demands in advancing the cognition creative activity coiling described in Figure 1.3 ( 2 ) above: i‚Â § Purpose: The degree of organisational aspiration to its ends is a driver of the cognition spiral. Within concern scenes the attempts to accomplish the ends normally take the signifier of a scheme. From the point of view of organisational cognition creative activity, the kernel of scheme prevarications in developing the organisational capableness to guarantee, make, roll up and work cognition. The most critical component of a corporate scheme is to make a clear vision about what sort of cognition should be developed and to efficaciously implement that vision in practical footings. This procedure is referred in direction literature as scheme operationalisation. This refers to the procedure required for a scheme to be transformed from a vision or a documented program into existent mundane actions with concrete and mensurable consequences. In a KM context this procedure implies the transition of strategic KM visions and ends into determinations and patterns at an operational degree. Given that cognition is really context particular, the operationalisation of KM scheme could besides be referred to as KM customisation reflecting bing organizational construction, civilization, staffing issues, concern operations, merchandises and clients. i‚Â § Autonomy: Autonomy is the 2nd status for advancing the cognition spiral. It increases the motive of persons to make new cognition or original thoughts. By leting persons and groups to move autonomously the organisation may increase the possibility of presenting unexpected chances. Self-organized squads serve as a footing in Nipponese invention creative activity. i‚Â § Fluctuation and originative pandemonium: Fluctuation ( breakdown of modus operandis, wonts, etc. ) and creative pandemonium addition tenseness and concentrate attending on specifying jobs and deciding crises. They promote the cognition spiral by beef uping the subjective committedness of persons every bit good as stimulation of interaction with the external environment. Fluctuation and originative pandemonium act as a trigger for single members to alter their cardinal ways of thought and challenge bing constructs. They besides help to project their hidden silent cognition. i‚Â § Redundancy: In concern organisations, redundancy refers to knowing imbrication of information between employees and sections, etc. about assorted concern activities, direction duties and the company as a whole. It is characterized by the being of information that goes beyond the immediate operational or functional demands of specific organisational members. This does non intend that this cognition is non utile. Rather, it helps rush up the cognition creative activity procedure through sharing of excess information. It is of import at the construct development phase where certain employees, maps or sections have information and cognition beyond their ain functional boundaries, e.g. on other countries of the administration. This external information and cognition can assist them bring forth extra creative and advanced capacity. Redundancy of information enables staff to lend to dialogues more actively and to clearly warrant their thoughts utilizing widely known corporate concern footings or company slang. In add-on, redundancy of information supports smooth corporate hierarchy changes. This is important for administrations with high employee turnover and where there is a attendant hazard of sudden and frequent loss of silent cognition. Job rotary motion is a manner of integrating the benefits of redundancy. i‚Â § Required assortment: An organisations internal diverseness should fit the assortment and complexness of the environment. Supplying equal entree to information within the organisation supports the exchange of different point of views and readings of new information. Organizational members can get by with many unexpected events if they have a assortment of information and experience. This assortment can be enhanced by uniting information otherwise, flexibly and rapidly [ 13 ] . D. Techniques for Knowledge Capture The undermentioned three major attacks to knowledge acquisition from persons and groups are applicable to the gaining control of silent cognition. In many instances, the attacks can be combined [ 10 ] : i‚Â § Interviewing experts structured interviews of capable affair experts is the most frequently used technique to render cardinal silent cognition of an single into more expressed signifiers. In many organisations, structured interviewing is performed through issue interviews that are held when knowing staff are near retirement age. i‚Â § Learning by being told the interviewee expresses and polish his or her cognition and at the same clip, the interviewer or knowledge applied scientist clarifies and validates the cognition therefore rendering the cognition in an expressed signifier. This signifier of cognition acquisition typically involves sphere and undertaking analysis, procedure tracing, and protocol analysis and simulations. Simulations are particularly effectual for ulterior phases of cognition acquisition, formalizing, refinement, and finishing the cognition gaining control procedure. i‚Â § Learning by Observation Observation is an of import tool that can supply a wealth of information. Silent observation is best used to capture the self-generated nature of a peculiar procedure or process. A figure of other techniques may be used to capture silent cognition from persons and from groups, including [ 10, 11 ] : i‚Â § Storytelling Narratives are another first-class vehicle for both capturing and coding silent cognition. An organisational narrative is a elaborate narration of direction actions, employee interactions, and other intra organisational events that are communicated informally within the organisation. Conveying information in a narrative provides a rich context, doing the narrative to stay in the witting memory longer and making more memory hints than is possible with information non in context. Narratives can greatly increase organisational acquisition, communicate common values and regulation sets, and serve as an first-class vehicle for capturing, coding, and conveying valuable silent cognition. i‚Â § Questionnaires or Surveys when a big group of people should be interviewed, a questionnaire could be a first measure, followed by single interviews. The questionnaire could include close-ended and/or open-ended inquiries. The latter are best for deriving more information as they do non restrict the respondent to a set of predefined replies. i‚Â § Brainstorming or Ad-hoc Sessions Sessionss of no more than 30 proceedingss for sharing thoughts in a stimulating and focused atmosphere. They can take topographic point as face-to-face meetings or do usage of engineerings such as instant messaging, e-mail, teleconference, and chat suites. i‚Â § Focus Groups include structured Sessionss in which a group of stakeholders is asked to portion their positions about a antecedently presented solution. i‚Â § Learning Histories ( lessons learned debriefings ) represent a retrospective history of important events that occurred in the organisation s recent yesteryear, as described in the voice of the people who took portion in them. The larning history procedure starts with be aftering which establishes the range of the larning history to be captured. After that participants are asked to portion their analysis, rating, and the judgement they used. Other penetrations emerge and the gaining control and codification of these penetrations helps increase the organisation s brooding capacity. Next, the information that was gathered from the interviews is synthesized into a drumhead format that will do it really easy for others to entree, read, and understand. The content is so written up, validated, and published in order to circulate the learning history and to ground it as portion of the organisational memory. A learning history is therefore a systematic reappraisal of successes a nd failures in order to capture best patterns and lessons learned. i‚Â § Documentation it could include certification from bing systems, archival information, policies and procedural manuals, studies, memos, meeting notes, criterions, e-mails, public ordinances, other ushers, etc. i‚Â § Participation Learning-by-doing or on-the-job-training is priceless both for experience and for obtaining cognition. It is experimental, deductive acquisition that seeks to do sense of happenings and to set up causal links between actions and results. Apprenticeships, internships or traineeships and mentoring are signifiers of experient skilled individuals go throughing cognition to a novitiate. i‚Â § Task Analysis an attack that looks at each key undertaking an expert performs and characterizes the undertakings in footings of requirement knowledge/skills required, effects of mistake, frequence, trouble, and interrelatednesss with other undertakings and persons, every bit good as how the undertaking is perceived by the individual ( everyday, awful, or thirstily anticipated ) . It could be done by observation ( mutely ) or as an interview by the cognition applied scientist. i‚Â § Learning from others can affect activities such as external benchmarking, which involves larning about what the leaders are making in footings of their best patterns, either through publications or site visits, and so accommodating and following their best patterns. Benchmarking helps place better ways of making concern. Other larning beginnings include company acquisitions or amalgamations, go toing conferences and expoundings and commissioning specific surveies. Inviting guest talkers to an organisation presents yet another chance to convey a fresh position or point of position. E. Knowledge Codification Knowledge codification serves the polar function of leting what is known in the organisation to be shared and used jointly. By change overing cognition into a touchable, expressed signifier such as a papers, cognition can be communicated much more widely and with less cost. Knowledge must be codified in order to be understood, maintained and improved upon as portion of corporate memory. People ever used some type of cognition codification during their mundane activities to do communicating and treatments more effectual. Work or concern slang, electronic mail every bit good as computing machine coder s proficient linguistic communication are merely some illustrations. However, it is impossible to codify in a papers or a database the cognition, accomplishments, expertness, understanding and passion of an employee. In this instance, the best solution is to supply a nexus to the beginnings of cognition utilizing a cognition maps, company xanthous pages or a company usher. These issues ar e examined subsequently in this Handbook ( Chapters 3.1.5, 3.1.7 ) The codification of expressed cognition can be achieved through a assortment of techniques such as cognitive function, determination trees, cognition taxonomies, and undertaking analysis [ 10 ] : i‚Â § Cognitive Maps Once expertness, experience, and know-how have been rendered ( made ) explicit, the ensuing content can be represented as a cognitive map. A cognitive map is a representation of the mental theoretical account of a individual s cognition and provides a good signifier of statute cognition. In the map, the nodes represent the key constructs, while the links between them show the interrelatednesss between constructs. Therefore, cognitive function is based on construct function, and allows experts to build cognition theoretical accounts. They could demo multiple positions or positions on the content ( Figure 1.3 ( 4 ) ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.trainmor-knowmore.eu/img/1.3.4.jpg Figure 1.3 ( 4 ) : Example of a Concept Map. Beginning: Dalkir ( 2005 ) i‚Â § Decision Trees typically in the signifier of a flow chart, with alternate waies bespeaking the impact of different determinations being made at that occasion point. A determination tree can stand for many regulations, and when you execute the logic by following a certain way, you are efficaciously short-circuiting regulations that are non relevant to the instance in manus ( Figure 1.3 ( 5 ) ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.trainmor-knowmore.eu/img/1.3.5.jpg Figure 1.3 ( 5 ) : Example of a Decision Tree. Beginning: Dalkir ( 2005 ) i‚Â § Knowledge Taxonomies Concepts can be viewed as the edifice blocks of cognition and expertness. Taxonomies are basic categorization systems that enable us to depict constructs and their dependences typically in a hierarchal manner. The higher up the construct is placed, the more general or generic the construct is. The lower the construct is placed, the more specific an case it is of the higher-level classs. This attack allows lower or more specific constructs in the taxonomy to straight integrate the properties of the higher degree or the parent constructs ( Figure 1.3 ( 6 ) ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.trainmor-knowmore.eu/img/1.3.6.jpg Figure 1.3 ( 6 ) : Example of Knowledge Taxonomy 3.13.3: What are the Implications for Organizational Learning / Training in footings of Tacit Knowledge: A Tacit cognition can be a sustainable competitory advantage. The trouble inherent in tacit cognition transportation is that capable affair experts and cardinal cognition holders may non be cognizant, hence, unable to joint, communicate and depict what they know A Tacit cognition is embedded in group and organisational relationships, nucleus values, premises and beliefs. It is difficult to place, turn up, quantify, map or value A Tacit cognition is embedded in the person A So, the distribution and effectual usage of expressed cognition can frequently be achieved through systematic preparation as it is the planned and organized development of accomplishment, cognition and attitude, required by an person in order to execute a specific occupation or undertaking to a given criterion of public presentation. Furthermore, systematic preparation is planned in a logical sequence where a preparation demand is identified, a program is put in topographic point to turn to the demand and the program is implemented and evaluated and assessed. A The distribution and effectual usage of tacit cognition, is non, nevertheless, easy achieved through systematic preparation. Often such cognitions will non be able to make those who need it without direct, face-to-face contact and the usage of less-structured methods including sink or swim where a individual learns by making and experience, sit by Nellie where they act as an learner to an older, skilled, knowing worker and find . A A 2.5.4.3.A ) A A A A A A A A A Different ways of Learning / Sharing and Using Tacit Knowledge A While preparation is necessary, much of it is wasted due to the flexibleness of the labor market employees can easy come and travel. [ 6 ] Much of an administration s strength its know-how and experience is institution specific. As such, it can non be rehired when people leave, merely learned, with new appointees by and large expected to absorb by osmosis. Many administrations are now utilizing assorted experiential larning techniques to develop staff and to back up them in larning from experiences. A There are two nonvoluntary larning attacks and some planned acquisition dockets. A Unconscious acquisition and incidental acquisition are nonvoluntary attacks to larning. They are unstructured, informal and normally involve chew overing over incidents. It can be argued that this learning consequences in cognition residing in the person or persons concerned. A Most of the more formal, planned larning attacks revolve around retrospective acquisition. Like unconscious and incidental larning it frequently revolves around incidents or activities but with a witting purpose to larn. A Brooding acquisition can happen both proactively and defensively. Kraft for illustration proactively decided to cut back on the fat and sugar content of their merchandises and the size of parts because they wanted to lend to actions on fleshiness and/or because they were afraid corpulence clients would action as with the baccy industry. The usage of instance surveies, internal audits and post-project reappraisals autumn into this class. Defensive acquisition is where an administration sets out to larn from an incident with a position to avoiding it s go oning once more. A Action larning uses a skilled facilitator to enforce a subject of self-reflection and analysis on squad members of single undertakings. The purpose is to enable directors to observe and forestall mistakes and to accurately reassign information or to successfully accomplish ends. A Prospective acquisition is an attack that includes elements of retrospective acquisition along with the more proactive purpose of be aftering to larn before an experience takes topographic point and more strict procedures to capture the more elusive elements of bing informations, information and cognition. Case survey illustrations are provided in lt ; gt ; , Arnold Kransdorff, Gower Publishing Ltd. , 2006. A Benetton for illustration, deliberately learns from experience through test and mistake by experimenting and retaining what has worked at each phase of company development. [ 8 ] A BP has a particular post-project assessment unit to reexamine major undertakings and to compose up instance surveies and lessons, which are so incorporated into alterations of the company s planning guidelines. [ 9 ] A Ford used unwritten debriefing [ 7 ] techniques where interviewees record their experiences anonymously and in their ain words, in a manner that reflected their corporate acquisition experience. The transcripts were so used to pull out penetrations that become a best pattern manual for others set abouting other similar undertakings. [ 10 ] The armed forces, World Bank, Bass, Cable and Wireless and Digital Equipment Corporation have besides used this procedure. A Other tools such as issue interviews can supply beginnings of larning for new staff while experient former employees can besides be brought in to back up larning amongst new staff. 3.13.5: Case study stuff on Organizational Learning / Training and the Implications for Tacit Knowledge Ikujiro Nonaka and Hirotaka Takeuchi s book The Knowledge Creating Company ( 1995 ) brought the construct of silent cognition into the kingdom of corporate invention. In it, they suggest that Nipponese companies are more advanced because they are able to successfully collectivise single tacit cognition to the house. The two research workers give the illustration of the first Nipponese staff of life devising machine, whose development was impossible until the applied scientists interned themselves with one of? gt ; Japan s prima bakers. During their internship, they were able to larn the silent motions required to kneed dough, and so reassign this cognition back to the company. A Nonaka and Takeuchi s history is about the development of the first fully automated bread-making machine for place usage developed by Matsushita. It was introduced in the Nipponese market in 1987 and was a gross revenues success. A Harmonizing to the criterion history, the design squad faced three jobs in developing the machine. The first was how to mechanise the dough-kneading procedure, which is basically silent cognition possessed by maestro bakers . The other two concerned temperature and ingredient variableness. The ideal [ ambient temperature ] was 27 to 28 grades centigrade, yet the fluctuation in Japan ranged between 5 and 35 grades centigrade. Different trade names and sorts of flour and yeast farther complicated the control system . A It is said that in order to work out the dough-kneading job, Ikuko Tanaka was sent to larn how to do staff of life with a celebrated maestro baker. After a period she noticed that the baker was non merely stretching but besides writhing the dough, which turned to be the secret of doing tasty staff of life. At this point, Nonaka and Takeuchi s statement is that silent cognition can be explicated by taking the forms of metaphors, analogies, constructs, hypotheses or theoretical accounts and so integrating them into machines by their interior decorators. Kneading dough is presented as the cardinal illustration. Tanaka was able to reassign her cognition to the applied scientists by utilizing the phrase tortuous stretch to supply a unsmooth image of working. Her petition for a tortuous stretch motion was interpreted by the applied scientists and after a twelvemonth of test and mistake the squad came up with merchandise specifications that successfully reproduced the caput baker s s tretching technique. The squad so materialized this construct, seting it together into a manual, and embodied it in the merchandise. A The temperature job was solved by adding the barm at a ulterior phase in the procedure. This was the manner people had made staff of life in the past and this method was the consequence of the socialisation and externalisation of the squad members tacit knowledge . Here, Nonaka and Takeuchi seem to utilize the term tacit cognition to mention to knowledge, which is easy verbalized, but cipher has thought to advert. A Other instance survey illustrations of company-specific experiential acquisition are provided in Corporate DNA Using Organizational Memory to Better Poor Decision-Making , Arnold Kransdorff, Gower Publishing Ltd. , 2006.

Biography of W.E.B. Du Bois, Activist and Scholar

Biography of W.E.B. Du Bois, Activist and Scholar W.E.B. Du Bois (William Edward Burghardt; February 23, 1868–August 27, 1963) was a pivotal sociologist, historian, educator, and sociopolitical activist who argued for immediate racial equality for African-Americans. His emergence as a black leader paralleled the rise of the  Jim Crow laws of the South and the Progressive Era. He was a co-founder of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and has been called the Father of Social Science and the Father of Pan-Africanism. Fast Facts: W.E.B. Du Bois Known For:  Editor, writer, political activist for racial equality, co-founder of the NAACP, often called the Father of Social Science and the Father of Pan-AfricanismBorn:  February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, MassachusettsParents: Alfred and Mary Silvina Du BoisDied:  August 27, 1963 in Accra, GhanaEducation: Fisk University, Harvard University (first African American to earn a doctorate degree from Harvard University)Published Works: The Philadelphia Negro,  The Souls of Black Folk, The Negro, The Gift of Black Folk,  Black Reconstruction,  The Color of Democracy, The CrisisAwards and Honors: Spingarn Medal, Lenin Peace Prize  Spouse(s): Nina Gomer, Lola Shirley Graham, JuniorChildren: Burghardt, Yolande, stepson, David Graham Du BoisNotable Quote: â€Å"Now is the accepted time, not tomorrow, not some more convenient season. It is today that our best work can be done and not some future day or future year. It is today that we fit ourselves for the greater usefuln ess of tomorrow. Today is the seed time, now are the hours of work, and tomorrow comes the harvest and the playtime.† Early Life and Education Du Bois was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, on February 23, 1868. The Du Bois family was one of the few black families living in the predominantly white town. In high school, Du Bois was already focussing on racial inequality. At age 15, he became the local correspondent for the  New York Globe  and gave lectures and wrote editorials, spreading his ideas that  black people needed to politicize themselves. Du Bois attended an integrated school where he excelled. Upon his graduation from high school, members of his community awarded Du Bois with a scholarship to attend Fisk University. While at Fisk, Du Bois experience of racism and poverty was markedly different from his life in Great Barrington. Du Bois, consequently, decided to dedicate his life to ending racism and uplifting black Americans. In 1888, Du Bois graduated from Fisk and was accepted to Harvard University where he earned a master’s degree, a doctorate, and a fellowship to study for two years at the University of Berlin in Germany. He was the first black American to earn a doctorate from Harvard University. Academic Teaching Career Du Bois followed his first teaching job at Wilberforce University with a fellowship at the University of Pennsylvania to conduct a research project in Philadelphia’s seventh ward slums. Researching racism as a  social system, he was determined to learn as much as he could in an attempt to find the â€Å"cure† for prejudice and discrimination. His investigation, statistical measurements, and  sociological interpretation  of this endeavor were published as  The Philadelphia Negro. This was the first time such a scientific approach to studying social phenomenon was undertaken, which is why Du Bois is often called the Father of Social Science. Du Bois next taught at Atlanta University, where he remained for 13 years. At Atlanta University, he  studied and wrote  about morality, urbanization, business and education, the church, and crime as it affected black society. His main goal was to encourage and help social reform. Opposition to Booker T. Washington Initially, Du Bois agreed with the philosophy of Booker T. Washington, the preeminent leader of African-Americans during the Progressive Era. Washingtons activism and life work were all aimed to help black Americans become skilled in industrial and vocational trades so they could open businesses, assimilate into American society as engaged citizens, and become self-reliant. Du Bois, however, came to greatly disagree with Washingtons incremental, compromising approach and he outlined his arguments in his collection of essays, The Souls of Black Folk, published in 1903. In these essays, Du Bois argued that white Americans needed to take responsibility for their contributions to the problem of racial inequality. He delineated the flaws he saw in Washington’s argument, but nevertheless, he also agreed that black Americans must take better advantage of educational opportunities to uplift their race as they simultaneously fought racism directly. In The Souls of Black Folk he elaborated on his concept of double-consciousness: It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at ones self through the eyes of others, of measuring ones soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his twoness- an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder. Organizing for Racial Equality In July 1905, Du Bois organized the Niagara Movement with William Monroe Trotter. Niagara Movement took a more militant approach to fighting racial inequality. Its chapters throughout the United States fought local acts of discrimination and the national organization published a newspaper, Voice of the Negro. The Niagara Movement dismantled in 1909 and Du Bois, along with several other members, joined with white Americans to establish the NAACP. Du Bois was appointed director of research. In 1910, he left Atlanta University to work full-time as the publications director at the NAACP, where he served as the editor of their magazine The Crisis from 1910 to 1934. In addition to urging black American readers to become socially and politically active, the hugely successful publication later showcased literature and visual art of the Harlem Renaissance. Break With the NAACP By the 1930s, the NAACP had become increasingly institutionalized while Du Bois had become more radical. Because of these differences with the NAACP, he left the magazine and organization in 1934 and returned to teaching at Atlanta University. Du Bois was one of a number of African American leaders investigated by the FBI, which claimed that in 1942 his writings indicated he was a socialist. At the time, Du Bois was chairman of the Peace Information Center and was one of the signers of the Stockholm Peace Pledge, which opposed the use of nuclear weapons. Racial Upliftment Throughout Du Bois’ career, he worked tirelessly to end racial inequality. Through his membership in the American Negro Academy, Du Bois developed the idea of the â€Å"Talented Tenth,† arguing that educated African-Americans could lead the fight for racial equality in the United States. Du Bois’ ideas about the importance of education would be present again during the Harlem Renaissance. During this flowering of black literary, visual, and musical art, Du Bois argued that racial equality could be gained through the arts. Using his influence during his time as editor of The Crisis, Du Bois promoted the work of many African-American visual artists and writers. Pan-Africanism Du Bois concern for racial equality was not limited to the United States. He was an activist for equality for people of African descent throughout the world. As a leader of the Pan-African movement, Du Bois organized conferences for the Pan-African Congress, including its first in 1919. Leaders from Africa and the Americas assembled to discuss racism and oppression- issues that people of African descent faced all over the world. In 1961, Du Bois moved to Ghana and renounced his U.S. citizenship. Death Over the course of his two years in Ghana, Du Bois health deteriorated. He died there on August 27, 1963, at age 95.  Du Bois was given a state funeral in Accra, Ghana. Legacy Du Bois was a central leader in the fight for racial upliftment and equality in the 20th century. In the world of academia, he is considered to be one of the founders of modern sociology. His body of work  inspired the creation of a critical journal of black politics, culture, and society called  Souls. His legacy is honored annually by  the American Sociological Association  with an award for a career of distinguished scholarship given in his name. Sources Appiah, Anthony, and Henry Louis Gates, editors. Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. Oxford University Press, 2005  Du Bois, W.E.B. (William Edward Burghardt). Autobiography of W.E.B. DuBois: a soliloquy on viewing my life from the last decade of its first century. International Publishers, 1968.Lewis, David Levering. W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race 1868–1919. Henry Holt and Company, 1993