Definition and Examples of Point of View

Point of view is the perspective from which a speaker or writer recounts a narrative or presents information. Also known as a viewpoint. Depending on the topic, purpose, and audience, writers of nonfiction may rely on the first-person point of view (I, we), the second-person (you, your, youre), or the third-person (he, she, it, they). Author  Lee Gutkind points out that point of view is innately tied to voice, and a strong, well-executed point of view will also lead to a strong voice (Keep It Real, 2008). Examples and Observations Point of view is the place from which a writer listens in and watches. Choosing one place over another determines what can and cant be seen, what minds can and cant be entered. . . . The main choice, of course, is between the third and first person, between a disembodied voice and I (in nonfiction synonymous with the author). For some, the choice is made before sitting down to write. Some writers feel obliged to use the third person, by tradition the voice of objectivity, the disinterested mode of address appropriate for the newspaper or for history. Other writers, by contrast, seem to adopt the first person as a reflex, even if they are not writing autobiographically. But choosing a point of view really is a choice fundamental to the construction of nonfiction narratives, thus carrying relevant consequences. No moral superiority inheres in the first or third person, in their many varieties, but the wrong choice can deaden a story or distort it enough to turn it into a lie, sometimes a lie composed of facts.(Tracy Kidder and Richard Todd, Good Prose: The Art of Nonfiction. Random House, 2013) Subjective and Objective Viewpoints Pronouns reflect the various viewpoints. You can choose first-person (I, me, us, our), second person (you), or third person (he, she, they, their). First-person is considered intense, subjective, and emotionally hot. It is the natural choice for a memoir, autobiography, and most personal-experience essays. The reader is the center of attention for second-person. It is the favored point of view for instructional material, advice, and sometimes admonishment! It is intimate without being intense--unless the voice of the author is authoritarian or controlling instead of instructive. . . . Third person can be subjective or objective. For instance, when used for an as told to personal-experience essay, third-person is subjective and warm. When used for news and information, third-person is objective and cool. (Elizabeth Lyon, A Writers Guide to Nonfiction. Perigee, 2003) The First-Person Narrator Its hard to write a memoir or a personal essay without falling back on the I. In fact, all nonfiction is really told in the technical first-person point of view: there is always a narrator doing the telling, and the narrator is not some fictional persona but the author. This single point of view is one of the important—and frustrating—hallmarks that distinguishes nonfiction from fiction. Yet there are ways to mimic other points of view--and thereby to tell a more natural sort of story. Listen to the opening lines of Daniel Bergners God of the Rodeo: When he had finished work--building fence or penning cattle or castrating bull calves with a knife supplied by his boss on the prison farm--Johnny Brooks lingered in the saddle shed. The small cinder-block building is near the heart of Angola, Louisianas maximum-security state penitentiary. Alone there, Brooks placed his saddle on the wooden rack in the middle of the room, leapt onto it, and imagined himself riding in the inmate rodeo coming up in October. No sign yet of the author—a strictly third-person presentation. . . . The author wont enter the story directly for many more lines; hell duck in once to let us know hes there and then disappear for long stretches . . .. But in fact, of course, the author has been with us in every line, in the second way that an author participates in a nonfiction story: tone. (Philip Gerard, Talking Yourself Out of the Story: Narrative Stance and the Upright Pronoun. Writing Creative Nonfiction, ed. by Carolyn Forchà © and Philip Gerard. Writers Digest Books, 2001) Point of View and Persona [T]hese issues of point of view really point to one of the most fundamental skills in creative nonfiction, to writing not as the author but from a constructed persona, even if that persona is taking on the I to tell the story. That persona is formed by time, mood, and distance from the events that are being narrated. And if we decide to foreground the artifice of this construction by using more stylized points of view, such as second- or third-person, we create even more of a relationship between the narrator and the narrated, a high awareness that we are engaged in the reconstruction of experience and not pretending to be mere transcribers of that experience. (Lee Gutkind and Hattie Fletcher Buck, Keep It Real: Everything You Need to Know About Researching and Writing Creative Nonfiction. W.W. Norton, 2008) Obi-Wan Kenobi on Point of View Obi-Wan:  So, what I told you was true . . . from a certain point of view. Luke: A certain point of view? Obi-Wan: Luke, youre going to find that many of the truths we cling to depend greatly on our own point of view. (Star Wars: Episode VI--Return of the Jedi, 1983)

Changes Of Women s Gender Roles - 1373 Words

Change in Women’s Gender Roles Due to advances in technology, the discovery of new lands, and changing public opinion; people desire new things and the equality of man is constantly changing. For thousands of years males were considered superior to females in most cultures. In a civilized society it was often considered the duty of the man to work and provide for his family. Alternately, it was perceived that women should stay home and take care of the children and that they were not able to perform most the tasks that men did. Population expansion into the western part of the United States marked a change in the traditional role of women in daily life. The new gender roles that were pioneered during this time of expansion were very different from the previously defined roles. Gender roles again began to change at the turn of the nineteenth century. Unlike the 1800s, the 1900s held more independent development opportunities, however, at the same time women went back to governed by a strict common perception. Li fe was harsh for those who chose to travel west in nineteenth century America. Both men and women had to share in the work in order to survive. Due to this women were given greater opportunities than they had previously. On top of their traditional roles, women shared in the physical labor that was usually done by men. The first noticed example came from the Native American women early European trappers made contact with. â€Å"The women were responsible for trappingShow MoreRelatedGender Roles Of The Indian Society1344 Words   |  6 Pagesus. In this process, families are introduced to certain roles that are characteristically connected to their birth sex. The term gender role refers to society s concept of how men and women are projected to behave. 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Import Export Financing Free Essays

string(176) " available by Sight Payment: If the beneficiary of letter of credit is to obtain payment immediately on presentation of stipulated documents, it is the sight letter of credit\." IMPORT FINANCING Background Like other developing countries, Pakistan’s import bill exceeds exports. Therefore, it faces scarcity of foreign exchange to meet its import requirements. According to daily â€Å"DAWN† dated 18th November 2012, Pakistan’s foreign exchange reserves were USD 13. We will write a custom essay sample on Import Export Financing or any similar topic only for you Order Now 84 Billion at the week ended as on 9th November 2012. Gap between the import and export bills is partially covered by regulations, controls and measures exercised by State Bank of Pakistan and partially by the international credit, aid, loan agencies like International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB). State Bank of Pakistan keeps control at a time, over this imbalance by imposing cash margin restrictions on import of general items from time to time. This is done in order to restrict imports and to allow import of only necessary items to fulfill genuine requirements and to discourage import of non-commercial and luxury items. CASE STUDY: On 1st February 2012, restriction on import of CNG cylinders and kits was imposed by Government of Pakistan in view of government policy to discourage use of CNG as a fuel due to its short supply and ever rising demand. No importer is allowed to import CNG cylinders kits up till now which is being restricted by SBP custom authority. Foreign trade involves many risks because of different locations /countries of importer and exporter. Both the parties are doing their businesses in different countries where different laws regulations apply and it is difficult to settle any dispute regarding goods quality and payment settlement between importer and exporter. For safeguarding interest of both importer and exporter, banks involve in these transactions for smooth settlement between the parties. IMPORTERS Any body who imports the required goods into the country is called an importer. The importer has to pay the exporter for the value of goods in foreign exchange. Importers are classified into three categories: i) Commercial sector importer i-e. a firm, institution, organization, person or group of persons registered as an importer is called commercial importer. ii) Industrial sector importer i-e. any industrial unit which is registered as importer comes under this category. iii) Public sector importers i-e. the organizations owned by the government which import capital / consumer commodities as per their requirement. Usually, these organizations are not registered as regular importer and their requests for opening letter of credit is routed through SBP. Letter of Credit (L/C) Letter of Credit is a written undertaking by a bank given to the seller/exporter (beneficiary) at the request and instructions of the buyer/importer (applicant) to pay at sight or at a determinable future date a stated sum of money against the required documents. The documents include commercial invoice, certificate of origin, transport document relating to the mode of transport used (Airway Bill, Bill of Lading, Railway Receipt, Truck Receipt, etc. and other documents required as per terms of letter of credit. Parties to Letter of Credit In documentary credit operations, maximum number of parties involved are as under: i) Applicant (Opener of L/C): The applicant of a credit is an importer or buyer who requests his bank to issue documentary credit in favor of the seller /exporter. ii) Issuing Bank (Opening Bank): The issuing bank is also called importer’s bank. At the request of the applicant, this bank issues the credit in accordance with the instructions of the applicant in favor of the exporter. The letter of credit is sent to the bank in the exporter/seller’s country. ii) Advising Bank: Advising bank is also known as transmitting or correspondent bank in the seller’s country. Issuing bank forwards the advice of the credit by mail or by any means of tele-transmission (i-e. cable, telex, SWIFT, etc. ) to a correspondent bank where the beneficiary business exists. Normally, all L/Cs are sent via SWIFT i-e. Society for Worldwide International Financial Transactions. iv) Beneficiary (Seller or Exporter): The person or body receiving the letter of credit from the importer and/or in whose favor letter of credit is issued is called beneficiary. v) Confirming Bank: Confirming bank is the bank which at the specific request of the issuing bank adds its confirmation to a letter of credit. Adding confirmation constitutes a definite undertaking of the confirming bank, in addition to that of the issuing bank. vi) Negotiating Bank: Negotiating Bank is the bank which receives the documents against letter of credit as authorized bank. This bank has to give value for drafts and/or documents under L/C conditions. Negotiating Bank may or may not be the Advising Bank. This bank examines the documents against L/C, and if found in order, negotiates the documents and makes payment to the seller. The negotiating bank dispatches the documents to the Issuing Bank claiming reimbursement from the bank as mentioned in the L/C and as agreed between the two banks. The Negotiating Bank should ensure before lodgment of reimbursement claim that all terms of letter of credit have been complied with. vii) Reimbursing Bank: Reimbursing bank is the bank which, on behalf of the opening bank, honors the reimbursement claim lodged by the Negotiating Bank. MODES OF PAYMENT OF L/Cs There are four modes of payments of letters of credit as detailed under: (i) L/C available by Negotiation: If L/C provides for negotiation to pay without recourse to drawers and/or bonafide holders in terms of credit. Negotiation means the payment of value for draft(s) and/or documents by the bank authorized to negotiate complying with the terms of L/C. (ii) L/C available by Acceptance: In case the credit calls for a usance draft and is available by acceptance on the issuing bank, and the seller submits all the documents including usance bill of exchange to a nominated or another bank complying all the terms and conditions of the credit, the seller receives acceptance of the payment at maturity date. However, under a separate arrangement, he may get his usance draft discounted by the bank in order to meet his cash flow requirements. In such case, seller has to bear discount charges. (iii) L/C available by Sight Payment: If the beneficiary of letter of credit is to obtain payment immediately on presentation of stipulated documents, it is the sight letter of credit. You read "Import Export Financing" in category "Papers" In this case the exporter draws a sight or demand draft payable at the counters of the advising bank or the bank specified in the letter of credit. The draft is paid on presentation provided that all the other terms of L/C have been complied with. (iv) L/C available by Deferred Payment: In this case, L/C opening bank has to effect payment after a period specified in the L/C, calculated as to the number of days after the date of presentation of documents or after the date of shipment. Such L/C does not require drafts to be drawn or presented alongwith other documents. RETIREMENT OF DOCUMENTS When the documents are received from foreign bank, L/C opening bank affixes â€Å"Dak Received† stamp and enters the same in â€Å"Dak Received Register†. The duplicate set of documents, received by the bank, is kept with original set of documents and duplicate should be separate from the original. The bank verifies that all the documents are received as specified in the forwarding schedule of the negotiating/exporter’s bank. While scrutinizing the documents, it is also ensured that all the documents have been received as per terms of L/C. The retirement of documents can be made by the following means: †¢ Through debit to the customer’s account †¢ Through Trust Receipt Facility (FTR) offered by the bank. †¢ Through Finance against Imported Merchandise (FIM) THROUGH DEBIT TO CUSTOMER’S ACCOUNT In case customer/importer has sufficient funds to settle the bill, Cost Memo is prepared and amount in foreign currency is converted into Pak Rupees at Selling TT OD rate of exchange. Any foreign correspondent charges and service charges are added to it. Customer issues cheque / authority letter to debit his account for bill amount plus mark-up and other charges. After receiving the amount, title documents are endorsed by two authorized signatories and the same are delivered to customer against proper acknowledgement. In case, importer has not sufficient funds to settle the bill, he can avail finance from bank to settle the claim. Credit facilities available to the importer are explained hereunder: A. FUND BASED FACILITIES 1. FINANCE AGAINST TRUST RECEIPT (FATR) If customer desires to retire the documents through Trust Receipt facility, a request letter to this effect is obtained from him. In this case, bank releases documents of the goods to importer so that he may clear the goods from custom authorities. Payment is settled by the bank and reimbursement is made to foreign bank. The bank has lien on receivables in this case and importer repays the bank finance after sale of the goods. Trust Receipt should not be allowed against Usance L/C unless specific approval from the authority is held. Following documents are obtained before releasing the documents on Finance Against Trust Receipt: ? Letter of Request from the customer / importer ? Bill of Exchange duly accepted by the party ? Demand Promissory Note ? Trust Receipt ? Collateral (if any) as per limit approval ? Invoice ? Agreement of Mark-up The Trust Receipt facility can only be extended upto 45/60 days or as per terms of sanction. . FINANCE AGAINST IMPORTED MERCHANDISE (FIM) This is a sale transaction at a price mutually agreed upon between the bank and the importer. The sale price consists of value of goods or documents of title to goods and margin of profit. The sale price is payable by the buyer on deferred payment basis either in part or in lump sum. This facility is granted for a period of 60 days or as per sanction advice. Following documents are obtained from the party: ? Letter of Request from the customer / importer ? Demand Promissory Note ? Letter of Indemnity for clearance of consignment ? Letter of Pledge ? Agreement of Mark-up This type of facility is against pledge of imported stocks and its process / transaction flow is similar to that of Self-Liquidating Inventory Finance. TRANSACTION FLOW: Goods imported through L/C, when reach the port in importer’s country, there is a process of releasing the goods from custom authorities. For this purpose Clearing Agents on the panel of bank. The clearing agent after clearing the goods, transports the same via Goods Transport Companies to the destination of the importer. At importer’s business premises / factory, etc. Bank Muccadam is available to take over the custody of the goods as soon as these are received at the site. These goods are kept under pledge arrangement and bank takes effective control possession of the imported goods. B. NON-FUND BASED FACILITIES 3. USANCE LETTER OF CREDIT This type of letter of credit is issued with a condition that payment will be made after some specified period of time i-e. 180 days, 365 days, etc. The bank undertakes to pay the exporter for the value of goods at some later date in order to facilitate the importer to arrange funds for settlement of the transaction. Usance letter of credit is very useful facility in which importer not only avails the opportunity of time available to pay his liabilities but also he saves borrowing costs due to difference of LIBOR and KIBOR. At present KIBOR is upto 10% whereas LIBOR is ranging from 0. 5% to 1% for the last two to three years. In case of Usance L/C, the importer will have to pay the value of goods alongwith some additional profit/surcharge levied by the exporter (which is included in the Invoice Value) for allowing repayment period to importer. Exporter will calculate this additional profit on transaction on the basis of LIBOR (0. 70%) instead of KIBOR (10%). In case importer avails the credit lines to settle the import bill from his local bank, he will bear the borrowing/financing cost on the basis of KIBOR which is far above than LIBOR. 4. SHIPPING GUARANTEE The shipping guarantee is issued in favor of the local shipping agents for obtaining delivery order to clear goods from port / customer authorities in the absence of original shipping documents of L/Cs. This guarantee is issued on prescribed from provided by the shipping company. This guarantee is signed by the importer and counter-signed by the bank. Following documents are required from the customer at the time of issuance of shipping guarantee: ? Letter of Request from the customer / importer ? Copy of Invoice ? Copy of Bill of Lading / transport document ? Format of the shipping guarantee to be issued ? Counter guarantee in favor of the bank duly signed by the customer ? Letter of undertaking regarding exchange rate fluctuation ? Undertaking to accept the draft in case of usance L/C ? Undertaking to accept all discrepancies in the documents Liability under the shipping guarantee shall be reversed only after the surrender of the original bill of lading against which guarantee has been issued and the receipt of original guarantee from the shipping company. On receipt of original bill of lading, this is forwarded to the shipping company alongwith request to return the original guarantee. This facility is very short term nature normally 30 days. B. EXPORT FINANCE In order to strengthen its position in the international markets, Pakistan has to strive for improving its balance of trade by increasing its exports. As such exports have been the top priority of the government’s agenda to improve the position of foreign exchange earning of the country. Banks have a very important role to play in trade activities of the country. Banks act as agents for both the importers and exporters and play important role in the development of country’s trade. While handling export transactions, Credit Manager and/or Export staff of the bank must always keep into consideration the following: ? Export Policy Order of the government for the financial year ? Guidelines/instructions of Export Promotion Bureau ? State Bank of Pakistan Foreign Exchange Circulars ? Bank’s Foreign Exchange Regulations and FEX circulars ADVISING OF EXPORT LETTERS OF CREDIT Letters of credit received from foreign banks are advised to the beneficiaries in Pakistan through L/Cs advising departments of the bank. All L/Cs received are carefully scrutinized for their authenticity adhering to the terms conditions and complying with our Foreign Exchange Regulations and International laws publications (UCP 500). FORM â€Å"E† No person can export any goods from Pakistan unless he is duly registered as an exporter with Export Promotion Bureau under the registration â€Å"Importer Exporter Order 1952†. Blank â€Å"E† Forms are issued to exporters, against written request, free of any charges. In order to export, the exporter will provide details on â€Å"E† form in respect of goods, quantity, invoice value of goods, terms of sale, destination and name address of the importer. This â€Å"E† form is the main document to calculate value of goods exported and is used to control the export of any item from Pakistan. CASE STUDY: During October 2012, Government of Pakistan allowed export of 200,000 tons of sugar from Pakistan with a condition that one sugar mill can export maximum upto 10,000 tons of sugar. This maximum quantity of sugar (10,000 tons) exported by any single sugar mill to be controlled by the â€Å"E† Form submitted by the exporting sugar mill. In case of any effort of sugar mill to exceed export from 10,000 tons, SBP can very easily trace this from the record of â€Å"E† form available in its record. In the following paragraphs, we will discuss the types of financing available to exporter. . FOREIGN DOCUMENTARY BILLS PURCHASED AGAINST L/Cs This type of financing is referred to as Foreign Bills Purchased (FBP). Only those documents are purchased which are negotiable and which conform to the terms of letters of credit. The documents are forwarded to the L/C opening bank and payment is received through bank’s foreign correspondents maintaining NOSTRO account in v arious currencies. Following documents are submitted by the exporter for negotiation: ? Original Letter of Credit (L/C) ? Documents of title to goods (Bill of lading, Airway bill, etc. ? Bill of Exchange (B/E) ? Commercial Invoice ? Certificate of Origin ? Packing List ? Insurance Policy ? Any other document as per terms of L/C FBP is practical example of â€Å"Factoring† in which bank purchases the receivable of the client/exporter after making payment and takes the responsibility of collection of the receivable at its own end. The exporter transfers all rights of ownership of the documents to the bank and authorization to claim reimbursement from the L/C opening bank. This transaction is to be handled with extreme care, vigilance and diligence. All the financial and commercial documents are scrutinized as per terms conditions of L/C. Documents after careful scrutiny are forwarded to the L/C opening bank and claim of reimbursement is made as well. On realization of the bill, FBP is settled /adjusted. 2. FOREIGN DOCUMENTARY BILLS FOR COLLECTION Financing against foreign bills is made on export bills which are drawn under Letter of credit and are sent for payment under documentary collection. This is a sale transaction at a price mutually agreed upon between the buyer (bank) and seller (exporter). The documents are sold to the bank and sale proceeds will be credited in the account of seller (exporter). This type of export finance is termed as â€Å"Finance against Foreign Bills† (FAFB). All other procedures of FAFB are similar to FBP except that under FAFB in the event of non-payment of the bill by L/C opening bank or importer, the exporter undertakes to repurchase the same documents at bank’s marked up price. FAFB is the practical example of â€Å"Lien on Receivables†. 3. FINANCE AGAINST PACKING CREDIT (FAPC) Packing Credit is a sort of pre-shipment or pre-export finance, extended to prime valued customers (exporters) against valid letter of credit / firm contract order. The finance is provided to the exporter for the following: ? Purchase of goods ? Freight charges ? Clearing forwarding charges ? Export duty, etc. ? Packing requirements Finance against packing credit is granted for 180 days or upto the period the shipment of goods is affected whichever is earlier. Lien is marked on the Letter of Credit / Firm Contract in order to prevent negotiation of documents. How to cite Import Export Financing, Papers

Contemporary Issues of Nursing and Clinical Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Issues of Nursing and Clinical Leadership. Answer: Project Description This project report is about clinical project planning in area of specialty. There are various areas of clinical practices and here we have selected a particular area among these clinical practices areas i.e. nursing. In this clinical project planning, we will discuss about contemporary issues related to professional practice of nursing and clinical leadership in this advanced clinical practice of nursing. This project planning is required to lead practice and service development in area of specialty. Aim of Project The aim of this project is to demonstrate thorough and systematic planning of a clinical project in nursing area that will help to understand related issues of a professional practice in it (Campaign for Action, 2017). Literature Review on Clinical Practice in Nursing As we have selected area of nursing to discuss about its professional clinical practices, so here we will focus on literature review of this topic. According to Welsh Assembly Government (2009), both the significance and variety of roles within practice of nursing have increased as primary care services. Therefore, the practice of nursing requires specialist knowledge and skills to be effective practitioners in primary healthcare team. This is necessary to equip with a clear understanding of the evolving practice of nursing. In clinical practice of nursing, the major emphasizing factors are assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation of care that is given to individuals, groups and families within the context of practice. With practice of nursing, the evidence based supporting practice is examined along with organization and delivery of social and healthcare in communities. Besides this, clinical practice in nursing critically examines the skills and knowledge that are required to work in partnership with clients, carers and families. The valuation of health promotion models, theory and critical explosion of the role of nurse practicing in health promotion, are also part of clinical practice of nursing. In this way, according to literature review clinical practice in nursing play important role in healthcare but some issues are encountered in this clinical practice that are discussed in next segment (Cardiff University, 2017). Contemporary Issues of Nursing Practices The first noticeable issue in nursing practices is of deficiency of inter-professional collaboration and this issue has occurred when teams do not work effectively. In this way, it is difficult to build a successful culture of health in nation. Another noticeable issue in nursing practices is of lack of advancement in their education and training. To keep people healthy, it is necessary to work as part of high-functioning teams that can help to do advance nursing practices and besides this, high education and training is required as much as possible. Both training and high education have great importance because nursing practice is very complex. Next contemporary issues of nursing practices is regarding culture of health. The goal of culture of health is to keep everyone healthy as much as possible, but it is not implementing effectively in healthcare professionals. Even in nursing practices, this thing does not properly teach and gap in achievement of effective health care is increasing. The improper access to healthcare to nurses has become a big issue for healthcare professionals. Due to Affordable Care Act, more people have health insurance. This thing does not translate to having access to better quality healthcare to patients when and where it is required (UKEssays, 2017). Besides these issues of nursing practices, some important issues of clinical leadership are also found by researchers in field of nursing that are required to discuss in this project report. Issues of Clinical Leadership in Nursing Today in ever-changing healthcare environment, it is difficult to find experienced and well-qualified nursing staff that can lead nurses to provide quality health care for the future (Zydziunaite, 2012). Clinical Leadership is a multifaceted process to identify a goal or target, to motivate people to act and to provide support and motivation to achieve goals. To perform these activities, a leadership must have some managerial skills. But it is not possible that a great leader can be a good manager (hackensackumc.org, 2017). Lack of knowledge about clinical leadership ethics among nursing practitioners. Project Plan In above segment of report we have discussed modern issues of nursing practices that encountered commonly by practitioners and clinical issues of leadership in nursing. These issues must be resolved to perform nursing practices in better way. To resolve these issues of nursing practices, here we will discuss our project plan. In this project plan, the main concerning points are resolution of contemporary issues of nursing practices and clinical leadership. To find solutions for these problems, we have used different information sources such as articles of researches, books and another online resources (Healthleadersmedia.com, 2017). Objectives and Evidence of Achievement The main objectives of this project plan is to aware readers and practitioners that what kind of issues are encountered in nursing practices and how these are putting impacts on overall healthcare industry. Besides this, other objective of this project plan is to highlight leadership problem in clinical practices that is traditional. Through our project plan we are doing potential efforts to achieve these objectives and it can be measured through effectiveness of solutions for above discussed problems. These solutions are based on literature reviews that are considered as best evidence (Gooch, 2017). Project Evaluation Plan In evaluation plan of project, first of all we will discuss about solutions. In case of contemporary issues of nursing practices, following solutions will be beneficial to implement: According to the institute of Medicine, to resolve problem of lack of interpersonal collaboration in nursing, it is necessary that nurses should understand wellness and prevention of building a culture of health. Regardless of individual jobs, they should pledge to maintain prevention and wellness of at the forefront of everything we do. The promotion of healthy eating and walking programs, better healthcare policies can foster (org, 2017). Another problem in nursing practices is deficiency in advancement of nursing training and education. To resolve this problem, it is required to make strict policies by the Affordable Care Act and in this patients healthcare and high knowledge of nursing is required (French, 2004). The healthcare campaigns must be started in which basic needs of patients should be cleared to healthcare professionals and these basic needs are care, safe and cost effective treatment of patients (Bish, Kenny, 2012). The problem of improper access of nurses to health care can be resolved by allowing all nurses to practice top education and training. This is an effective way to resolve this issue and already practiced in some healthcare organizations. It is also necessary to handle legal issues of patients care and safety (com, 2017). According to our evaluation, above listed solutions will be useful to resolve contemporary issues of nursing practices. Next to resolve issues of clinical leadership in nursing, some essential solutions are also found. First of all, some improvements are required in training and education of nursing to develop professionals that can work in ever-changing environment of healthcare. The awareness about new diseases and cures should be in practice of nursing exercises. This action will help to develop versatile leaders that can handle multifaceted process of clinical leadership as leader and as well as a manager. This will be helpful to control complexities of nursing practices. As much as training and education will be advanced, more will help to handle healthcare issues of patients. From above discussion, the effectiveness of solution can be measured because these solutions are general and can be easily implemented by healthcare organizations. During this whole research, it is found t hat in 2020, more effective campaigns will be implemented to qualify and aware nurses about new transformation of healthcare industry. Conclusion In this project plan, we have tried to focus on all essential problems that are related to nursing practices and clinical leadership. Today, due to environment changes, patients are facing different kinds of healthcare problems that are not easy to rectify by conventional nursing practices and technologies. So it will be better to aware nurses by giving knowledge to them about new healthcare techniques and tools that provide better prevention to patients and by making improvements in training and education of healthcare. Through this report, we have analyzed common issues of nursing practices and clinical leadership that are not easily identified by consultants. Therefore, it is responsibility of healthcare organizations in every country to take strict actions and make effective policies to resolve healthcare issues. Healthcare of people is important for every country and it also puts influence over economic status of a country. References Campaign for Action. (2017). The Top Five Issues for Nursing in 2015 - Campaign for Action. Retrieved 14 March 2017, from https://campaignforaction.org/top-five-issues-nursing-2015/ Cardiff University. (2017). Cardiff University. Retrieved 14 March 2017, from https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/healthcare-sciences/courses/postgraduate-taught/modules/contemporary-issues-in-practice-nursing-hct114 UKEssays. (2017). The Contemporary Issues In The Professional Practice Nursing Essay. Retrieved 14 March 2017, from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/nursing/the-contemporary-issues-in-the-professional-practice-nursing-essay.php Medical Specialties and Clinical Practice Topics: The New England Journal of Medicine. (2017). 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